Dangane da martanin nau'in ciyawa ga yanayin yanayi, musamman yanayin zafi, an raba nau'in ciyawar filin golf zuwa nau'in ciyawar lokacin dumi da nau'in ciyawar lokacin sanyi. Matsakaicin zafin jiki don girman tushen ciyawar lokacin sanyi (tsawon zafin ƙasa) shine digiri 10-18 na Celsius, kuma mafi kyawun yanayin zafin jiki don girman tushe da ganye (tsawon zafin iska) shine digiri 16-24 na Celsius; ga ciyawar lokacin dumi, mafi kyawun yanayin zafin jiki don tsarin tushen shine digiri 25-29 na Celsius, kuma kewayon zafin iska shine digiri 27-35 na Celsius.
Ciyawa ta lokacin sanyi: Yawancin lokacin girma na ciyawar lokacin sanyi yana taruwa ne a lokacin sanyi na shekara, wato, a kudu a lokacin kaka, hunturu da bazara; a arewa a lokacin bazara da kaka. Ciyawa ta lokacin sanyi sun haɗa da: bent, bluegrass, rye da fescue.
Ciyawa ta Lokacin Dumi: Lokacin girma na ciyawar lokacin dumi yana taruwa ne a cikin watanni masu zafi na shekara, wanda shine ƙarshen bazara, bazara da farkon kaka a kudu da kuma yankin canji. Ciyawa ta lokacin dumi sun haɗa da ciyawar Bermuda, Zoysia da Seashore Paspalum. Ciyawa ta lokacin dumi a filin wasan golf yawanci ana haɗa ta da ciyawar lokacin sanyi don kiyaye launinta a lokacin hunturu. Rye da wasu nau'ikan ciyawar farko zaɓi ne.
Iri na ciyawa na farko: Ciyawar farko da ake amfani da ita afilayen wasan golfduk ciyawar kiwo ne da ake da su a wurin, kuma ciyawar farko da aka dasa a filayen golf ita ma ciyawar kiwo ce ta gida. Kafin shekarun 1930, filayen golf da aka gina a arewacin Amurka sun yi amfani da ciyawar lanƙwasa gauraye a matsayin ciyawar filin golf. Lanƙwasa gauraye ya ƙunshi kashi 80% na lanƙwasa na COLONIAL, kashi 10% na lanƙwasa na VELVET da kuma ɗan lanƙwasa na CREEPING. A New England, ana amfani da VELVET bent don ganye. Waɗannan iri na ciyawa sune tushen shuke-shuken don noman iri na filin golf a nan gaba.
A shekarar 1916, masana kimiyya da dama daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) sun kafa wata kungiya mai suna Arlington Lawn Garden, wacce aka sadaukar da ita don tantancewa da kuma kiwon iri mai kyau na ciyawa ga ganye. A shekarar 1921, sun fara hadin gwiwa ta kasuwanci da USDA don kafa Kungiyar Golf ta Amurka (USGA) a hukumance don fadada bincike kan iri na ciyawa. Sun nemi ciyawa masu kyau daga ko'ina, kamar kyakkyawan yanayin ganye, launi, yawa da juriya ga cututtuka, sannan suka dasa su a cikin gandun daji na Arlington Lawn Garden. USGA ta yi amfani da harafin C don ƙidaya su don noma. A shekarar 1927, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta sanar da cewa ta ƙirƙiro mafi kyawun ciyawar kore - ciyawa mai lanƙwasa. Ta amfani da wannan fasahar haifuwa ta jinsi, ana rufe ganye da yawa da tufafi kore, amma saboda ana noma ta ta hanyar jima'i, ba za a iya inganta cutar da juriyar kwari ba.
Shuka ciyawar da aka lanƙwasa: Masana kimiyya sun fara karatu a Pennsylvania a shekarar 1940 don neman ciyawar da aka lanƙwasa iri ɗaya kuma mai ɗorewa. Bayan shekaru 9 na aiki tuƙuru, sun noma wata ciyawar da aka lanƙwasa iri mai suna PENNCROSS, wacce aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 1954 kuma ta fara maye gurbin ciyawar da ta gabata. Kafin shekarun 1990, PENNCROSS ita ce ciyawar da aka fi sani da kore. Duk da cewa an ƙaddamar da sabbin nau'ikan, har yanzu ana amfani da PENNCROSS sosai a yau.
Har yanzu ana ci gaba da binciken iri na ciyawa a Pennsylvania. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. Joe Duwick, an ƙaddamar da PENNEAGLE bent a shekarar 1978 kuma an ƙaddamar da PENNLINKS bent a shekarar 1986. Daga 1980 zuwa 1990, binciken kan bent ya fi mayar da hankali kan yadda ake noma iri masu juriyar zafi don faɗaɗa daidaitawarsa. Ta hanyar bincike a Texas ta USGA, an ƙaddamar da sabbin nau'ikan bent CATO da CRENSHAW. A lokaci guda, binciken Pennsylvania Joe Duwick ya mayar da hankali kan yadda za a inganta juriyar bent ga yanke ciyawa mai ƙarancin girma. Ƙoƙarinsa ya haifar da ƙaddamar da jerin bent A da G. Sauran kamfanonin iri na ciyawa kuma sun ƙaddamar da nau'ikan iri masu kyau kamar: SR1020, L-93, PROVIDENCE, BACKSPIN, IMPERIAL, da sauransu. Sauran ciyawa masu ɗauke da iri: An yi kiwon ciyayi na Kentucky bluegrass da perennial ryegrass a cikin shekaru 40 zuwa 50 da suka gabata, suna mai da hankali kan noman tayi don sauƙaƙe zaɓar samfuran iri na ciyawa daban-daban da kamfanonin iri na ciyawa daban-daban suka yi rijista, ciki har da:
Ciyawa a lokacin ɗumi: Ciyawa a Bermuda ta dace da yankunan zafi, ƙasa da na kudanci na duniya; a yankin sauyin yanayi na Amurka, ana amfani da Zoysia galibi a kan titunan fairways, amma ana amfani da ita sosai a Japan, Koriya da China; Ciyawa a Buffalo, ciyawa ce ta asali a manyan filayen Arewacin Amurka, ta dace da dogon ciyawa a yankunan da ke da ɗan danshi, ƙamshi da bushewa; Ciyawa a lokacin ɗumi ta Seashore Paspalum, ciyawar da ta fi jure gishiri, ta dace da yankunan da ke da zafi da kuma wurare masu zafi, kuma ana iya amfani da nau'ikanta masu inganci a matsayin ciyawa a wuraren da ke da zafi.kore da fairways.
Ciyawar Bermuda da kuma nau'ikanta masu hade-hade: Ciyawar Bermuda da aka fi amfani da ita galibi an yaɗa ta ne ta hanyar masu bincike na farko na Sipaniya. A shekarar 1924, Amurka ta ƙaddamar da nau'in Bermuda na ATLANTA, kuma a shekarar 1938, U3. Daga baya, lokacin da babban ɗan wasan golf Bobby Jones ya je Masar don yin wasan golf, ya gabatar da wani sabon nau'in ciyawar Bermuda daga Masar, UGANDAGRASS. Kafin 1950, akwai waɗannan jerin Bermuda kawai da za a iya zaɓa. A shekarun 1950 da 1960, ciyawar Bermuda gabaɗaya ta zama babban ciyawar filin golf. A shekarun 1940, wani masanin kimiyya daga Ma'aikatar Noma ta Amurka, Glen Burton, ya gano wani ciyawa mai yawa, gajere, matsakaiciya a cikin filin ciyarwarsa a garin Tifton, Georgia ba da gangan ba. Bayan haɗakarwa, ya ƙaddamar da Tifton 57 (TIFLAWN) a shekarar 1957. Wannan ciyawar ta dace sosai don shuka a filayen wasanni amma ba a kan ganye ba saboda tana girma da sauri. Don haka Burton ya ci gaba da karatu kuma ya gano cewa wani masanin kimiyya ya haɗa Tifton 57 ɗinsa da tushen karnuka na gida a Afirka. Bayan an yi masa wahayi, ya ba da shawara kuma ya sami tushen karnuka da yawa a filayen golf na kudu. Bayan ɗaruruwan haɗuwa, Burton ya ƙaddamar da Tifton 127 (TIFFINE), Tifton 328 (TIFGREEN) da Tifton 419 (TIFWAY). Wani masanin kimiyya ya haifi Bermuda mai tsayi (TIFDWARF) ta hanyar zaɓin kwayoyin halitta na yanzu na 328, amma Burton ya yi rijista a 1955.
Har zuwa yau, Tifton har yanzu ita ce cibiyar da aka amince da ita wajen gano nau'ikan Bermuda hybrids. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wani masanin kimiyya, Hanna, har yanzu yana gudanar da bincike a garin TIFTON. Ya ƙaddamar da Eagle Grass da TIFSPORT, waɗanda dukkansu ke da nau'ikan tsirrai na asali daga China.
Lokacin Saƙo: Disamba-09-2024